Peter Hessler on China

China’s rapid transformation over the past three decades has fundamentally reshaped the lives and mindsets of its citizens, moving from a rural, impoverished society to a modern, urbanized middle-income nation. Peter Hessler, author of *Other Rivers*, highlights this evolution through the experiences of his former students, noting that while the country has become more authoritarian, it remains deeply dynamic and interconnected with the global economy. The intense, high-stakes competition of the Gaokao exam serves as a defining pressure point for younger generations, fostering a culture of extreme diligence and focus. Despite significant material gains, this environment creates a paradox where individuals are increasingly savvy about navigating systemic constraints while simultaneously grappling with the psychological costs of relentless competition and the uncertainty of future social mobility.